Saturday, 15 June 2013

The Germ Theory and Vaccinations


Pasteur's Folly

Even though germs and our kind have co-existed since the year dot, we've been waging a systematic war against them ever since Louis Pasteur strutted onto history's stage in 1864 claiming he'd discovered the cause of fermentation. "Germs of the air", he proclaimed to the scientific community which had thought germs arise spontaneously.1 Then, likening human beings to casks of wine, he proclaimed that micro-organisms cause fermentation, or infection, in us.

Enthused by "his discoveries" and seduced by the official status the government had conferred on him, the French silk worm industry summoned him to rescue their worms from two plagues then current: pebrine and flacherie. Louis was flummoxed. He prevaricated: "In a great number of cases the two diseases had no connection, or at least not directly."2 And since he gave the industry no clear direction on how to treat the two diseases, silk production plummeted.

Yet history credits him with rescuing the silk industry. Louis then went on to "pasteurise" milk, and to develop (unsuccessful) vaccines for anthrax in cattle, cholera in chickens, and rabies in people.3,4 The rest, as they say, is history. Louis became medicine's hero and sent it down the potholed path of "one germ, one disease, one vaccine".

So why belabour the point about Louis? Because his half-baked ideas started medicine's obsession with germs—the germ theory of disease. The truth is that Louis was an ambitious man who had plagiarised the work of Antoine Béchamp. Worse, he distorted Antoine's research findings.

Antoine Béchamp was a quiet, unassuming researcher and academic who had degrees in pharmacy, science and medicine. At one time or another he had been Professor of Medical Chemistry and Pharmacy at Montpelier University, and Professor of Biological Chemistry and Dean of the Faculty of Medicine at Lille University. A clever cookie, Antoine.

He, not Louis, discovered the cause of fermentation; in fact, seven years before the impostor laid claim to the kudos. Antoine, not Louis, discovered that not just any old airborne micro-organism would produce a good wine vintage. It was the merry yeasts on the skins of grapes, not the vinegary rascals on the vine stalks and leaves. Antoine, not Louis, discovered that the silk worm pecherie was caused by a parasite, and flacherie by constitutional or hereditary weaknesses in silk worms. No wonder Louis was confused. He had thought the disease looked like "globules of pus, or globules of blood, or better still, granules of starch…", but certainly not "…infusoria or moulds".It was Antoine, not Louis, who discovered that creosote fumes would put paid to pecherie, and that replacing worms prone to hiccoughs with vibrant varieties would eliminate flacherie.

More importantly, Antoine proved that the eminent French physiologist Claude Bernard was right in suggesting that the ultimate cause of disease was not germs per se. They proliferate only where disease already exists. They are simply the immediate cause, the exciting cause, the precipitating cause, the boot that kicks us over the cliff. The predisposing cause, the underlying cause, the root cause of all the things our governments are so fond of waging war against but ignore, the cause that brought us to the cliff top in the first place, the cause that Louis wasn't privy to, is the "soil". Or, as Chinese physicians had once referred to it as, the "root", as opposed to the "stem". (Horticultural analogies abound in traditional medicine). Soil and germ, root and stem or even Yin and Yang, take your pick.

 

The Root Cause of Disease —The "Soil"

So what is the "soil" or "root" or Yin? For every organism, plant or animal, it's the ground of its being, the stuff that sustains it, nourishes it, supplies its very needs so that it can grow and flourish and churn out more of its kind.

For you gardeners, the "soil" of plants is indeed the soil: the nutrients in it, the micro-organisms, water and drainage. But it's also the climate, the altitude, the sunlight, the air, the companion plants, and everything else each species needs.

For us, it's the matrix in which we live and the stuff we need in order to survive. It's our spiritual, psychological, social and physiological fabric. It's our needs for water and food and air and acute illness, and so on. And what we need will of course be determined by our individual constitutions and temperaments—our genetic inheritance.

And where do we discover our needs? Not from science. Certainly not from medicine. The place where we find our needs is the place in which humankind has spent 99.99 per cent of its existence, the place it evolved in and adapted to: out in the wilderness as hunters and gatherers.

And the soil for germs? Bacteria thrive on dead and decaying muck, in compost heaps, in our own internal compost heaps, and in our dead and dying and ailing tissues. And all germs flourish in weak organisms, in creatures that are out of kilter with their surroundings, in bodies that can't mount a powerful defence or have never encountered such critters before; or, for that matter, in people whose ancestors had never encountered such germs. And after germs have fed and frolicked in one body, they'll move on to the next, and then the next, and the next, churning out more copies of themselves as they go. But only if each body has much the same unhealthy (though healthy for germs) "soil".

Ah, if only we'd adopted Antoine's ideas, not Louis', we'd be tending our "soils", and our doctors would be pushing health, not drugs.

 

The Tail that Wags the Germ Theory's Dog

Using Béchamp's concept of the "soil" we can even explain "immunity", a concept that microbiologists added to the germ theory to explain why many people don't get infectious diseases, and to justify vaccinations. "Immunity", however, is nothing more than the tail that wags the germ theory's dog.

Not surprisingly, the theory of immunity is based on a military model. The assumed defence forces consist of two main divisions each with its specialised weaponry. The troops of the first division, the light-armoured, white-coloured leucocytes, are constantly patrolling the streets and alley ways of our bodies, ever ready to suck the innards from germs, or to swallow them whole, like anacondas.

The second division, which is housed in the barracks of our lymph nodes and surrounded by meshed mine fields, consists of two regiments: the "T"-lymphocyte regiment with its specialised units of hunter-killer, cellular tanks at the ready, each programmed after the first encounter with a specific foe to blast them to kingdom come should they dare to attempt a second invasion; and the "B"-lymphocyte regiment with its five, rapidly deployed, biochemical-wielding, immunoglobulin, antibody units (the Ig-series A, B, D, E, G and M).

The defence-force theory of immunity, however, has a problem, a big problem. It must explain why the defence forces sometimes mutiny and attack the home front; why autoimmune diseases, like multiple sclerosis and systemic lupus erythematosus and 80 other body-attacking diseases, occur. And why all of us, particularly the elderly and people with cancer, do have circulating autoantibodies.

So to keep the theory intact, microbiologists tacked on other theories to explain how our defence force personel recognise and tolerate our own tissues as "self" when we're healthy. But they failed to explain why the defence forces would renounce the "self" and start a mutiny.

A far simpler and more logical explanation is that proffered by Pierre Grabar, a Russian born, French biochemist at the Pasteur Institute from the 1940s until the 1970s. He suggested that the immunological phenomena are a transport system, as they are in the simplest of animals, that cleans up the "soil".6 Or, as Grabar termed it, the "milieu interieur", the expression used by Claude Bernard, the eminent physiologist of the 18th century, to describe our internal sea (the intercellular fluid of our blood, lymph and tissues).

Thus the "immune system" can be viewed as a transport system that cleans up our fluids, whether they're encumbered by alien germs, or belabouring with harm from modern technologies or from our own home-made wastes. In other words, the "immune system" doubles as a defence system, but that's not its primary function.

Indeed, Grabar believed that autoimmune diseases occur when our white bloods cells, which keep our bodily fluids clean, become overwhelmed by massive tissue destruction—and that occurs when the "soil" is so poor, or so contaminated by poisons, that it can't sustain the life of certain cells. Enter the masters of biochemical weaponry, the immunoglobulin units. They stun the offending tissues so that the ever vigilant rubbish collectors, the hunter-killer white blood cells, can readily suck and munch to their hearts content. Until, that is, the "soil" is restored to health.

 

Through the Dark Journey of Illness

Can you now understand why everyone gets sick from time to time? We need time out to for our bodies and minds to make corrections, to improve our "soil", to clear out wastes, both psychological and physical, both our own home-made metabolic junk and extraneous poisons that have seeped into our tissues from foods and drugs, water and air and skin contact. And for our bodies to remove tissues that have been damaged by wear and tear, and man-made poisons and electromagnetic radiation.

And why does our "soil" become contaminated? Because we've neglected some of our needs—none of us knows from day to day exactly what our bodies need, and none of us is perfect. Or because our "soil" has been compromised by life's little vicissitudes, stresses and traumas—none of us is cocooned from nature's vagaries. Or because we, along with millions of other organisms, are striving to survive and live alongside one another. And because illness, as Chinese physicians knew, is part of that struggle to perfection.

Thus from time to time our bodies make the corrections, regardless of how healthy we think we are. Children in particular get sick, not because they're weak but because they're adjusting and adapting to a world full of changes and stresses and, yes, microorganisms. With each acute illness their bodies make an extra effort to clear out wastes. And with each illness they become stronger.

That's why Indian physicians called measles "a visitation of the goddess"—it kick-starts a child's independent existence in a potentially hostile world. In other words, it boosts his or her health. The power of this virus to clean up tissues is clearly shown by the success of Swiss doctors at the Basel University Paediatric Clinic in Switzerland, who, up until 1969, treated patients who had nephrotic syndrome, an autoimmune disease of the kidneys, by deliberately infecting them with the measles virus.7

As recently as 20 years ago, many parents would drag their young offspring to measles parties or to mumps meetings or on chickenpox outings to the homes of children who were infected with these ubiquitous germs. We knew it was far safer for our little darlings to have such infections in childhood than as adults.

Rarely do breast-fed infants under the age of six months get such diseases, unless of course their nourishment is poor. Living in squalor doesn't help either. Healthy babies receive the gift of resisting disease from both parents from the moment they're conceived, and from their mothers while they're cradled in the womb and then from the colostrum in the first let-down of breast milk.

But there does come a time when a visitation of some goddess is essential for them to stand on their own two feet so that they, in their procreative future, can pass on the gift to their kids. Alas, vaccinated children can't do that—their vaccine-induced antibodies aren't passed on to their children.

When we are visited by an acute illness—and remember, it is an essential process of the vital force—the healthier we are the stronger will be our eliminative processes, and the faster we'll recover. We'll return from the ordeal feeling better and healthier than ever. At least, we should do if we supply what our bodies need during the dark journey of illness.

If we don't then chances are we'll slowly wreck our "soil", ruin our health and be lumped with one or more long-term diseases. Think cancer and autoimmune diseases.

But even if you are suffering from a chronic illness, the journey back to health is still possible if you give your body and mind what they need. And on that journey back to health there will be interludes of acute illness, particularly those you once suppressed with drugs, or ignored. In traditional medicine these are known as healing crises.

Over the past 100 years, Swiss and German researchers have been documenting evidence that cancer patients have a remarkably low incidence of feverish, infectious disease in their medical history.9–14

In other words, febrile, infectious diseases in childhood are associated with a lower cancer risk in adulthood. These childhood illnesses include colds and gastroenteric influenza, measles, mumps, rubella, chickenpox, whooping cough, even scarlet fever. Recent research, however, has found that the only cancer not likely to be reduced by childhood infections is breast cancer.14

Most nations have never had a debate about the importance of infections for health. Our biomedically trained, Big Pharma oriented, insurance/banking limited, medical practitioners have never been taught, let alone encouraged, to debate anything. The authoritarian institution of modern medicine shuns debate, as is evident in its attacks on anyone who disagrees; for example, with vaccinations. The dogma is that infectious diseases are bad. Inflammation is bad. Fever is bad.

And so, for the past 50 years the medical profession has been hell-bent on wiping out infectious diseases through vaccinations and antibiotics. And all the while their clinics are filling with droves of people with cancer and autoimmune diseases. And they're completely clueless that their approach to health is clearly contributing to the decline of our collective health.



The Importance of Infections  
An Excerpt from Cry for Health, Vol 1, pp.102-103.  
If doctors had done the hard thinking, then they might have come to understand that viral and bacterial infections, even parasitic infections, in childhood are essential for human health.
For example, in Immunology Today in an article entitled ‘Give us this day our daily germs’, two British medical microbiologists, Professor Graham Rook and Laura Brunet, have suggested that our use of vaccinations and antibiotics, our fear of germs, and our obsession with hygiene, are depriving our children of the very germs that play a role in the correct maturation of their immune systems.15

In other words, we are born with the hardware of an immune system that is primed to deal constantly with environmental germs, but its correct functioning depends on the information fed into its software after birth. But because the fine cytokine balance and fine-tuning of T-cell regulation have never been kick-started by persistent exposure to viruses, bacteria and parasites, our immune systems have never learned to switch off. This ‘hygiene hypothesis of atopy’ (allergy), the two medical microbiologists contend, may explain the soaring prevalence of asthma, allergies and autoimmune diseases throughout the developed world.
Though the importance of acute illnesses for human health, and their treatment, will be dealt with in Volume 2, suffice it to say here that there is overwhelming evidence that children from farming communities, where they are exposed to farmyard germs; from Rudolf Steiner schools, where treatment with vaccines, antibiotics, and antipyretics (drugs that reduce fever) is discouraged; from large families, and those from small families who go to playschool during their first year of life, and hence are exposed to numerous germs from other children; that all these children have far less eczema, hayfever and asthma, that other children.1619
And there is clear evidence that girls who catch mumps early in childhood are far less likely to develop ovarian cancer later in life.2023
Measles alone, according to many studies, prevents or reduces the tendency to develop skin allergies and sensitivity to house dust mites, hayfever and asthma, malaria in tropical climes, autoimmune diseases, various degenerative diseases of the bones, juvenile rheumatoid arthritis (Still’s disease), various tumours, psoriasis, Parkinson’s disease, and even epilepsy.2440
Children exposed to the tuberculosis bacillus or Hepatitis A virus earlier in their lives also have less asthma and allergies than other children.41,42 The same applies to those who are infected with parasitic worms (helminths: tape worm, fluke worms and nematodes)42 British researchers suspect that hookworms, caught only through walking barefoot on contaminated soil, may help people overcome Crohn’s disease (an intestinal autoimmune disease).43 Indeed, Japanese researchers have found that intractable epileptic seizures disappear within two weeks after a child has had not only measles but also mumps, rotavirus colitis, or
exanthema subitum (roseola rash).44

In other words, being healthy, but nevertheless being exposed to unhygienic living conditions early in life, is evidently a recipe for health. And the earlier the exposure to germs, the better.
Moreover, catching a cold, or the flu, or some other viral infections, may prevent cancer and even destroy cancer cells.4549
According to a group of researchers at the University of Newcastle, in New South Wales, Australia, a wild-type, common cold-producing virus, Coxsackievirus A21, has powerful anti-tumour activity against malignant melanomas, multiple myeloma, prostate cancer and breast cancer.4549 And the ECHO virus (an intestinal infection that although potentially life threatening in babies, usually produces minimal symptoms in adults)apparently targets and destroys human ovarian cancer cells.50
Groups of American and Canadian researchers have recently found that infection with reovirus (which may elicit no symptoms at all) also destroys cancer cells, in particular breast cancer and prostate cancer cells.5154  Scottish and American researchers found that the same applies to the herpes simplex virus.55,56 And according to researchers in the US and Japan, the flu virus apparently triggers our immune systems to target and kill off cancerous cells;5764 as does the human respiratory syncytial virus, and the human cytomegalavirus.65,66
  
References
  1. Pearson RB. Pasteur: Plagiarist, Impostor. The Germ Theory Exploded. First published in 1942. In: "Preface", Hume ED. Béchamp or Pasteur?A Lost Chapter in the History of Biology. First published in 1927, republished ,  2005, Bechamp.org, P.O. Box 168, Castlemaine, Victoria, Australia; p.28
  2.  Hume ED. Béchamp or Pasteur?A Lost Chapter in the History of Biology. First published in 1927, republished ,  2005, Bechamp.org, P.O. Box 168, Castlemaine, Victoria, Australia; p.190.
  3. Daudet L. Fantômes et Vivants: Souvenirs des Milieux Littéraires, Politiques, Artistiques et Médicaux de 1880 à 1905. First published 1914, Nouvelle Libraire Nationale, Paris, France. Online, accessed June 5, 2012. URL:http://archive.org/details/fantmesetvivants00daud
  4. Raspail X. Raspail et Pasteur, Trente Ans de Critiques Médicales et Scientifiques (18841914), Èditions Vigot Frères, 1916.
  5. Pearson RB. Ibid reference 1, p.31.
  6. Grabar P. "Hypothesis. Auto-antibodies and immunological theories.An analytic review." Clinical Immunology and Immunopathology, 1975; 4 (4): 453-466.
  7.  Scheibner V. Vaccination: 100 Years of Orthodox Research Shows that Vaccines Represent a Medical Assault on the Immune System. Dr Viera Scheibner, Blackheath, NSW, Australia, 1993;  p.83. Citing Albonico H, Klein P, Grob C and Pwesner D. "Vaccination Campaign Against Measles, Mumps, and Rubella. A constraining project for a dubious project" Working Group of Doctors for Selective MMR Vaccination. Unpublished, 1990. 
  8. Schmidt R. "Krebs und Infektionskrankheiten." Medizinische Klinik,1910; 43:1630–1633.
  9. Sinek F. "Versuch einer statistischen Erfassung endogener Faktoren beim Carcinomkranken." Zeitschrift fűr Krebsforschung, 1936, 44: 492-552.
  10. Remy W, Hammerschmidt K, Zänker, KS et al. "Tumorträger haben selten Infekte in der Anamnese." Medizinische Klinik, 1983; 78:95–98.
  11. Grossarth-Maticek R, Frentzel-Beyme R, Kanazir D, Jankovic M, and Vetter H. "Reported herpes-virus-infection, fever and cancer incidence in a prospective study." Journal of Chronic Diseases, 1987; 40 (10): 967–976.
  12. Abel U. "Infekthäufigkeit und Krebsrisiko." Deutsche Medizinische Wochenschrift, 1986;
    111 (51/52): 19781981.
  13. Abel U, Becker N, Angerer R, Frentzel-Beyme R, Kaufmann M, Schlag P, Wysocki S, Wahrendorf J, and Schulz G. "Common infections in the history of cancer patients and controls." Journal of  Cancer Research and  Clinical  Oncology (Germany). 1991; 117 (4): 339–344.
  14. Albonico HU, Bräker HU, and Hűsler. "Febrile infectious childhood diseases in the history of cancer patients and matched controls." Medical Hypotheses, 1998; 51 (4): 315-320.
  15. Rook GA, and Stanford JL. "Given us this day our daily germs." Immunology Today, 1998; 19 (3): 113–116
  16. Reidler J, Braun-Fahrlander C, Eder W, Schreuer M, Waser M, Maisch S, Carr D, Schieri R, Nowak D, von Mutius E. (The ALEX Study Team, Salzburg, Austria). "Exposure to farming in early life and development of asthma and allergy: a cross-sectional survey." The Lancet, 2001; 358 (9288): 1129–1133
  17. Braun-Fahrlander C, Gassner M, Grize L, Neu U, Sennhauser FH, Varonier HS, Vuille JC, and Wuthrich B. (SCARPOL: Swiss Study on Childhood Allergy and Respiratory Symptoms with Respect to Air Pollution). "Prevalence of hay fever and allergic sensitization in farmers' children and their peers living in the same rural community." Clinical and Experimental Allergy, 1999; 29 (1): 28–34.
  18. Strachan DP. "Family size, infection and atopy: the first decade of the 'hygiene hypothesis'." Thorax, 2000; 55 (Supplement 1): S2–S10.
  19. Kramer U, Heinrich J, Wist M, and Wichmann HE. "Age of entry to day nursery and allergy in later childhood." The Lancet, 1999; 353 (9151): 450–454.
  20. Cramer DW, Welch WR, Cassells S, and Scully RE. "Mumps, menarche, menopause, and ovarian cancer." American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology, 1983; 147 (1): 1–6.
  21. West RO. "Epidemiologic study of malignancies of the ovaries." Cancer, 1966; 19 (7): 1001–1007.
  22. Menczer J, Modan M, Ranon L, and Golan A. "Possible role of mumps virus in the etiology of ovarian cancer." Cancer, 1979; 43 (4): 1375–1379.
  23. Yazdanbakhsh M, Kremsner PG, and van Ree R. "Allergy, parasites, and the hygiene hypothesis." Science, 2002; 298 (5567): 490–494.
  24. Ronne T. "Measles virus infection without rash in childhood is related to disease in later life." The Lancet, 1985; 1 (8419): 1–5.
  25. Kucukosmanoglu E, Cetinkaya F, Akcay F, Pekun F. "Frequency of allergic diseases following measles." Allergologia et Immunopathologia [In Spanish], 2006; 34 (4): 146–149.
  26. Shaheen SO, Aaby P, Hall AJ, Barker DJ, Heyes CB, Shiell AW, and Goudiaby A. "Measles and atopy in Guinea-Bissau." The Lancet, 1996; 347 (9018): 1792–1796.
  27. Aim JS, Swartz J, Lilja G, Scheynius A, Pershagen G. "Atopy in children of families with an anthroposophical lifestyle." The Lancet, 1999; 353 (9163): 1485–1488.
  28. 654. Flotsrup H, Swartz J, Bergstrom A, Aim JS, Scheynius A, van Hage M, Waser M, Braun-Fahrlander C, Schram-Bijkerk D, Huber M, Zutavern A, von Mutius E, Ublagger E, Riedler J, Michaels KB, Pershagen B; (the Parsifal Study Group). "Allergic disease and sensitization in Steiner school children." Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, 2006; 117 (1): 59–66.
  29. Rosenlund H, Bergstrom A, Aim JS, Swartz J, Scheynius A, van Hage M, Johansen K, Brunekreef B, von Mutius E, Ege MJ, Riedler J, Braun- Fahriander C, Waser M, Pershagen B; (Parsifal Study Group). "Allergic disease and atopic sensitization in children in relation to measles vaccination and measles infection." Pediatrics, 2009; 123 (3): 771–778.
  30. Rooth IB, and Bjorkman A. "Suppression of Plasmodium falciparum infections during concomitant measles or influenza but not during pertussis." American Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 1992; 47 (5): 675–681.
  31. Lepore L, Agosti E, Pennesi M, Barbi E, De Manzini A. "Long-term remission induced by measles infection and followed by immunosuppressive therapy in a case of refractory juvenile rheumatoid arthritis." La Pediatria e Medical Chirurgia, [In Italian] 1988; 10 (2): 191–193. 
  32. Simpanen E, van Essen R, and Isomaki H. "Remission of juvenile rheumatoid arthritis (Still's disease) after measles." The Lancet, 1977; 2 (8045): 987–988.
  33. Yoshioka K, Miyata H, and Maki S. "Transient remission of juvenile rheumatoid arthritis after measles." Acta Pediatrica Scandinavica, 1981; 70 (3): 419–420.
  34. Urbach J, Schirr D, and Abramov A. "Prolonged remission of juvenile rheumatoid arthritis (Still's disease) following measles." Acta Paediatrica Scandinavica, 1983; 72 (6): 917–918.
  35.  Bonjean M, and Prime A. "Suspensive effect of measles in psoriasic erythroderma of 12 years' duration." Lyon Medical [In French}, 1969; 222 (40): 839.
  36. Fomkin KF. "Cure of psoriasis after co-existing measles." Vestnik Dermatologi i Venerologii [In Russian], 1961; 35: 66-68.
  37. Lintas N. "Case of psoriasis cured after recurrent measles." Minerva Dermatologica [In Italian], 1959; 24 (4): 296–297.
  38. Thiers H, Normand J, Fayolle J. "Suspensive effect of measles on chronic psoriasis in children: 2 cases." Lyon Medical [In French], 1969; 222 (40): 839–840.
  39. Sasco AJ, and Paffenbarger RS Jr. "Measles infection and Parkinson's disease." American Journal of Epidemiology, 1985; 122 (6): 1017–1031.
  40. Yamamoto H, Yamano T, Niijima S, Kohyama J, and Yamanouchi H. "Spontaneous improvement of intractable epileptic seizures following acute viral infections." Brain and Development, 2004; 26 (6): 377–379.
  41. Cookson WO, and Moffatt MF. "Asthma: an epidemic in the absence of infection?" Science, 1997; 275 (5296): 41–42. 668. Matricardi PM, Rosmini F, Ferrigno L, Nisini R, Rapicetta M, Chionne P, Stroffolini T, Pasquini P, and D'Amelio R. "Cross sectional retrospective study of prevalence of atopy among Italian military students with antibodies against hepatitis A virus." British Medical Journal, 1997; 314 (7086): 999.
  42. Yazdanbakhsh M, Kremsner PG, and van Ree R. "Allergy, parasites, and the hygiene hypothesis." Science, 2002; 298 (5567): 490–494.
  43. Fortun P. "Scientists team up with an unlikely ally—hookworms." News and Reviews, University of Nottingham, UK, August 4, 2006.[Online accessed 7th September, 2009]. URL:http://research.nottingham.ac.uk/Newsreviews/newsDisplay.aspx?id=270
  44. Yamamoto H, Yamano T, Niijima S, Kohyama J, and Yamanouchi H. "Spontaneous improvement of intractable epileptic seizures following acute viral infections." Brain and Development, 2004; 26 (6): 377–379.
  45. Shafren DR, Au GG, Nguyen T, Newcombe NG, Haley ES, Beagley L, Johansson ES, Hersey P, and Barry RD. "Systemic therapy of malignant human melanoma tumors by a common cold-producing enterovirus, Coxsackievirus A21." Clinical Cancer Research, 2004; 10 (Part 1): 53–60.
  46. Au GG, Lindberg AM, Barry RD, and Shafren DR. "Oncolysis of vascular malignant human melanoma tumors by Coxsackievirus A21." International Journal of Oncology, 2005; 26 (6): 1471–1476.
  47. Au GG, Lincz LF, Enno A, Shafren DR. "Oncolytic Coxsackievirus A21 as a novel therapy for multiple myeloma." British Journal of Haematology, 2007; 137 (2): 133–141.
  48. Berry LJ, Au GG, Barry RD, and Shafren DR. "Potent oncolytic activity of human enteroviruses against human prostate cancer." Prostate, 2008; 68 (6): 577–587.
  49. Skelding KA, Barry RD, and Shafren DR. "Systemic targeting of metastatic human breast tumor xenografts by Coxsackievirus A21." Breast Cancer Research and Treatment, 2009; 113 (1): 21–30.
  50. Shafren DR, Sylvester D, Johansson ES, Campbell IG, and Barry RD. "Oncolysis of human ovarian cancers by echovirus type 1." International Journal of Cancer, 2005; 115 (2): 320–328.
  51. Clarke P, Meintzer SM, Gibson S, Widmann C, Garrington TP, Johnson GL, and Tyler KL. "Reovirus-induced apoptosis is mediated by TRAIL." Journal of Virology, 2000; 74 (17): 8135–8139.
  52. Hirasawa K, Nishikawa SG, Norman KL, Coffey MC, Thompson BG, Voon CS, Waisman DM, and Lee PWK. "Systemic reovirus therapy of metastatic cancer in immune-competent mice." Cancer Research, 2003; 63 (2): 348–353.
  53. Thirukkumaran CM, and Morris DG. "Oncolytic viral therapy using reovirus." Methods in Molecular Biology, 2009; 542: 607–634.
  54. Thirukkumaran CM, Nodwell MJ, Hirasawa K, Shi Z-Q, Diaz R, Luider J, Johnston RN, Forsyth PA, Magliocco AM, Lee P, Nishikawa S, Donnelly B, Coffey M, Trpkov K, Fonseca K, Spurreff J, and Morris DG. "Oncolytic viral therapy for prostate cancer: efficacy of reovirus as a biological therapeutic." Cancer Research, 2010; 70 (6): 2435–2444.
  55. MacKie RM, Stewart B, Brown SM. "Intralesional injection of herpes simplex virus 1716 in metastatic melanoma." The Lancet, 2001; 357 (9255): 525–526.
  56. Varghese S, and Rabkin S. "Oncolytic herpes simplex virus vectors for cancer virotherapy." Cancer Gene Therapy, 2002; 9 (12): 967–978.
  57. Steiner PE, and Loosli CG. "The effect of human influenza virus (Type A) on the incidence of lung tumors in mice." Cancer Research, 1950; 10: 385–392.
  58. Zamai L, Ahmad M, Bennett IM, Azzoni L, Alnemri ES, and Perussia B. "Natural killer (NK) cell-mediated cytotoxicity: differential use of TRAIL and Fas ligand by immature and mature primary human NK cells." Journal of Experimental Medicine, 1998; 188 (12): 2375–2380.
  59. Griffith TS, Wiley SR, Kubin MZ, Sedger LM, Maliszewski CR, and Fanger NA. "Monocyte-mediated tumoricidal activity via tumor necrosis factor- related cytokine, TRAIL. Journal of Experimental Medicine, 1999; 189 (8): 1343–1354.
  60. Kayagaki N, Yamaguchi N, Nakayama M, Eto H, Okumura K, and Yagita H. "Type I interferons (IFNs) regulate tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis- inducing ligand (TRAIL) expression on human T cells: a novel mechanism for the antitumor effects of type I IFNs." Journal of Experimental Medicine, 1999; 189 (9): 1451–1460.
  61. Kayagaki N, Yamaguchi N, Nakayama M, Takeda K, Akiba H, Tsutsui H, Okamura H, Nakanishi K, Okumura K, and Yagita H. "Expression and function of TNF-related apoptosis-inducing ligand on murine activated NK cells." Journal of Immunology, 1999; 163 (4): 1906–1913.
  62. Takeda K, Hayakawa Y, Smyth MJ, Kayagaki N, Yamaguchi N, Kakuta S, Iwakura Y, Yagita H, and Okumura K. "Involvement of tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand in surveillance of tumor metastasis by liver natural killer cells." Nature Medicine, 2001; 7 (1): 94–100. 
  63. Ishikawa E, Nakazawa M, Yoshinari M, and Minami M. "Role of tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand in immune response to influenza virus infection in mice." Journal of Virology, 2005; 79 (12): 7658– 7663.
  64. Brincks EL, Kucaba TA, Legge KL, and Griffith TS. "Influenza-induced expression of functional tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) on human peripheral blood mononuclear cells." Human Immunology, 2008; 69 (10): 634–646.
  65. Kotelkin A, Prikhod'ko EA, Cohen JI, Collins PL, and Bukreyev A. "Respiratory syncytial virus infection sensitizes cells to apoptosis mediated by tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand." Journal of Virology, 2003; 77 (17): 9156–9172.
  66. Sedger LM, Shows DM, Blanton RA, Peschon JJ, Goodwin RG, Cosman D, and Wiley SR. "IFN-gamma mediates a novel antiviral activity through dynamic modulation of TRAIL and TRAIL receptor expression." Journal of Immunology, 1999; 163 (2): 920–926.